Osnova témat
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Reg. No. CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326
Subject: Military History Form of study: full-time Subjetc´s goals: The goals of this subject are :
On the basis of the historical context of the war and military operations in the past helps to find solutions the tasks and objectives of military operations in the present. Shows examples of the application of the principles of military art in order to identify general patterns, finding an analogy of historical events with the present and understanding the complex military situation. The study of military history always belonged to the basic curriculum, the preparation of commanders. The subject touches on all three components of the military art: military strategy, operational art, and tactics. These components of the military art have their theoretical and historical basis. An integral part of the course is in addition to the analyses of the campaigns and battles in the past, also the role of the personalities--the generals, but also military art theorists whose works pushed the military arts in front of, in accordance with the development of society, science and technology.
Learning outcomes: - skills:
- Evaluate the context of historically significant military operations and applied the principles of military art; the role of prominent personalities in the history of wars and military art. Modifies the experience and knowledge of the historical development of military art on current conditions.
- abilities:
- Identifies the historical context of the wars and military operations and applied the principles of military art in order to identify general patterns, finding an analogy of historical events with the present and understanding the complex military situation.
- competences:
- Is able to independently and responsibly decide in new or changing the context or in a fundamentally evolving environment, taking into account the broader social consequences of decisions.
Subject continuity: On the subject of the related subjects of History and Traditions of the Armed Forces, Preparation in the field I and II., War Studies Conditions for successful completion of the course: - Discussion to the task at a seminar, presentation of Semestral work, final test.
Basic literature: - Liddell Hart, Strategy
- Thomas X. Hammes, The Sling and The Stone
Recommended readings: - Paret, Makers of Modern Strategy
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T1
Military art in the wars of antikvity
is the introductory lecture around the subject of military history. This course is an integral part of the preparation of the soldier's Commander and fully based on the traditions of preparation of military personnel in history. In any cultural historical period was the study of the history of the base part of the training of military commanders and commanders generally ´. Whether it was about antiquity (Alexander of Macedon), or present in military schools in the West or the East (the study of the major battles of the past). The subject aims to build on the tradition of the education Corps command in the armed forces of Czechoslovakia, and at the same time contribute to the education of the soldier's proud on it that is a member of ACR. Another of the objectives is to point to the importance of personality in the history and on the properties, which were carriers.
The first lecture of this subject, about which the subject will be based, aims to clarify the basic concepts, and describe the oldest period of fighting wars in the history of mankind. On each of the examples show the continuity of the development of warfare in the ancient world and still valid the principles and principles of warfare.
In the first part of the lecture are described and discussed basic concepts such as Military Science, which addresses the issue of ensuring security, with an emphasis on armed struggle and combat activity of troops in it and the military art which is the theory and practice of preparation and conduct of the armed struggle. An examination of the laws and principles of principles, policies, and seeks ways to use the armed forces and their comprehensive security in the armed struggle. Broken down on military strategy, operational art, and tactics. " Further concepts such as military strategy-consists mainly of general principles of construction, preparation and use of the Army (armed forces) and their theoretical reflection.
Operational art--is a system of knowledge of the principles, content and character of the operating activities of the methods and forms of its preparation and implementation. A tactic – a system of knowledge of the principles and the nature of the tactical activities of the methods and forms of its preparation. And the basic principles of military art, economics, force-Generally this principle can be summarized as follows: it is about ensuring the fulfilment of the task related to the combat activities strictly necessary quantity of forces and resources.
Leeway-principle of freedom of conduct expresses all efforts to eliminate the factors limiting its own initiative and submission to the will of the opposing party. I can generalize this principle into shape: leeway reduces the impact on the ability of an adversary to Act (to maneuver, to respond) of their own troops, and on the contrary leaves them a full opportunity to respond to the changing situation. The concentration of effort is the third of the basic principles of operational art and tactics. Requires both a superiority over the enemy forces and means at the most important direction on a key section and at the crucial time, both concentration and maneuver fire massive firing, especially nuclear devices spaced on a large area. Basically use all available forces and means to achieve a decisive superiority at the point or area in which the operation is conducted
In the next part of the lecture is focused on the development of warfare in the ancient world and with an emphasis on the nature and direction of the military art in different parts of the world which were mainly geographically (in the surrounding desert, Egypt – Mesopotamia – the cultural space between Eufratem and Tygridem, China--the surrounding mountains and deserts, etc.). From the perspective of today's perspective and direction of military art is the most interesting China (warring States period 5-2. St. BC.), and especially the Mediterranean space of ancient Greece, Rome and Carthage. For this reason, in detail disassembled the contribution of Alexander of Macedon, as the first true strategist in his crusade to the East, with an emphasis on its benefits and the fulfillment of the basic principles of military art in the battles against Dareiovi for Graniku, Iss and especially Gaugamel. Of these aspects is in the lecture, dismantled and the benefits of the campaign Hanibala in the Second Punic War and the battle of Cann. The last part of the lectures is devoted to Rome's contribution to the development of military art in the last stage of antiquity with an emphasis on its reflection and the influence of the following historical stage.
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Téma 2
The middle ages – the clash of civilizations and methods of warfare.
The lecture is devoted to the period of the middle ages and the influence of this period on the development of military art on the background of the cultural, social, religious, and economic changes that characterize the middle ages. The basis is the periodization of this period to the early Middle Ages, the high and late, and then the Division into different cultural spaces. The early middle ages is characterized by especially high period of migration of Nations, when gradually accumulating in the Nations of Europe from the East, and to the enormous clash of civilizations. Decaying antikou and the Eastern nomads. Among the advanced architecture and gradually usazujícími pastoralists. Between organised an army composed of legions and light moving units of the "barbarians". But also to conflict between the State, the economy and State power is declining and is not able to control their territory and manage their troops (made up of mercenaries from the "barbarian" peoples) and the emerging power of the East. Military developments in different parts of Europe, is illustrated by the battle of Hastings between Normans and Saxons rising at the battle of Tours between Franconia and Arabs likely in the territory of the Frankish Empire. Another part of the lectures is devoted to each of the territories (States) or periods or cultures and their impact on developments in Europe and the Middle East in the period. This is primarily a military contribution of the Byzantine Empire on the development of the military (Strategicon, Tactica) on the influence of the Hussite wars, and their access to leadership battles and wars. Similarly, as the influence of the Arabs and Islam on the development of education, science, art, and especially the military in Europe. The whole lecture is focused mainly on the mutual influences of civilizations and cultures, as well as on the individual elements of the strategy, tactics, and military organizations between the period of antiquity and modern times. Finally, focuses on the impact of technology on the evolution of warfare in that period — the introduction of arms etc.
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Téma 3
The revolution in the military at 18. and 19. century – the advent of technological revolution
The lecture is divided into several units, the first is the thirty years ' war – a relic of the middle ages and antiquity. In this passage is described the period 17. century from the perspective of the development in the military. As an example of the rollover of the ancient elements of the Organization of the army and its deployment is the third basic tactical element válčišť thirty years ' war. With this war, however, is linked to a number of modern elements, which in turn shows the way in other periods – the reform of the Swedish army and the introduction of modern elements to equipment (bayonet). In the next section is in the situation and the developments in the armies of the crucial States of Europe as was Prussia, and Austria, with an emphasis on unification of weaponry and equipment, the training and professionalization of armies in this period.
In terms of fulfilling the objectives of the lecture is decisive above all 19. century and the war and the battles in it, seduced by the. From the point of view of the Czech space is the Napoleonic period described primarily on battles of the third coalition war with an emphasis on the battle of Austerlitz. In the course of this battle is also shown on the fulfillment of the basic principles of military art by both parties. In the next section is devoted to the influence of the development of lecture on Science and technology in the course of the war in the North against the South in the years 1861-1865, in the United States in which is stressed in particular the new element in the management of the wars and the continuity of the management of operations throughout the area of the theater of war. In the last section are then parsed the war of Prussia against Austria and France in the years 1866 and 1870-1871 and it primarily in terms of the introduction of new equipment and the use of appropriate strategies and tactics, especially with regard to the development of transport.
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Téma 4
The development of military art in the world wars, 20. of the century.
The lecture is divided into these parts
the period before the 1.st. war,
World War I
the interwar period in the development
the second world war
The first part is focused on the goals and plans of the warring parties. Germany-(F), and (B) of the colony, protectorate over Belgium, reaching La Manche, Ukraine, Poland, the Baltic States. Austria-Hungary — dominate the entire Balkans to gain influence on the territory of the crumbling Turkish Empire, England – get rid of N as economic competition, get the Turkey, Mesopotamia and Palestine to consolidate position in Egypt. France-regain Alsace-Lorraine. Russia – dominate the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles and Constantinople, annexation of Galicia. In addition to the military plans for example. Schliffen´s plan of Germany and its fulfillment.
The second part describes the individual significant period and the battle of the first world war. It is all about the battle of Verdun and the spring offensive of Germany in 1918. In these battles is shown the evolution of the military art and above all possible orientations, which will take in other periods.
The third section is focused on the interwar period and on the development of military science in the crucial States of the world. There are discussed the doctrine and the theory of military science of the Soviet Union, the USA and Great Britain, France and Germany. Starting points are also described here the emergence of the concept of blitzkrieg in Germany and similar considerations in the Soviet Union, where there is the operating theory of art between the wars.
The fourth section on selected battles of the second world war illustrates the evolution of military art in the basic milestones, such as the cast of France and therefore clean application theory of Blitzkrieg Germany, combined operations Dieppe in 1942, a classic example of mass deployment of armored equipment in the battle of Kursk in 1943. On disembarkation in Normadii is shown the evolution which has undergone planning and conduct combined operations for two years from Dieppe. This part ends with the use of the new weapons-nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
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War and conflict at the turn of the Millennium
the 20th century brought along a huge expansion of military art associated mainly with the development of science and technology in this period, with the rapid development of technologies and significant changes in the geopolitical situation. In particular, the operating area of the Arts has seen huge progress. It was a century in which the clash of ideas of Napoleon and Clausewitz (on the eve of world war) with the use of nuclear weapons and unmanned devices on its end. For the development of military art in the post-war period, and especially for its direction in the wars and conflicts the turn of the Millennium is the decisive changes in the leadership of the wars in the course of the fighting in the Arab-Israeli conflict, a new way to wage war without a clear queue, so how was conducted in Vietnam by the French and the US and, finally, the Gulf war and Afghanistan.
On individual episodes of these wars are documented changes in the leadership fight. This is the Israeli war for independence in 1948 and 1949, the six-day war and the Yom Kippur war, and finally the Israeli intervention in Lebanon. On these conflicts is shown the evolution of the national liberation war, the fight over the tank air volumes on classic fronts after the war against terrorism, as it has been declared and waged the war in Lebanon in 1982. Vietnam ushered in the war waged by way of warfare without a clear queue – the fight against partizánským units supported by the other State. It was a struggle for the base and communication, but also about the mind of the people. This model was further developed in the wars in Afghanistan led by the Soviet Union in the 1980s, and the allies in the present. From the perspective of the evolution of the military and, above all, thanks to the use of new weapons and tactics, it is disassembled and the first Gulf war in 1991.
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The importance of the study of military history. -SEMINAR
This seminar is the culmination of the previous five topics. at this seminar you have the first option to acquire part of the points (50%) necessary for the credit. It can be obtained in the following way:
Process presentation (up to 8 images) on one of the supplied themes
Defend this presentation before the Faculty and their colleagues
To answer any questions
Topics presentations are based on the issue, which was the předněsena, or with literature, which you should review.
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Notable military art theorists and their views
The lecture is part of the subject of Military history and is home to the second sub-block of this subject, which is devoted mainly to the importance and the impact of people, celebrities, military theorists and practitioners of the art, the role of leaders and their characteristics. Its content builds on the previous block, which dealt with the influence of the events--wars, campaigns, battles, but also inventions and technical progress, which meant a change in the leadership of the wars. All of these changes, however, had to devise and implement the people and their contribution we will talk in this block. The biggest problem people have is their memory and ability to learn. In the history of mankind was fabricated and often carried out a number of things in all spheres of human activity. From philosophy, mathematics and physics through to the art lead and winning the war. However, the sad fact is that thanks to nepravidelnostem in the historical development of mankind, where the period of the flowering period, both the deep downs and crises, and thanks to the fact that the winners of the wars were in many cases not only wipe out losers peoples, but also to destroy their culture and memory. Humanity has lost a number of works of art, inventions and ideas that were either retrofitted or were irreversibly lost, and in many cases created again.
A classic example is a work on the art of war by Sun-Tzu, the master of which appeared at the beginning of Europe to 20. century and immediately became an important part of training soldiers in all developed countries. The basic philosophy, which is dedicated to most publications about the military is about waging war without the need for actual battle. He journeys to přechytračení his opponent without the need for violence and psychological effects on his family. It is a textbook of the correct decision-making and analytical thinking. Treatise of master Sun (Sun-c ') is the oldest surviving book, strategic thinking and the oldest literary, accompanied by a military doctrine in the history of mankind. The original from which this was taken Czech translation, comes from the formative period of Chinese civilization, specifically: from that part of the period which was in the Chinese Chronicles of the naming of the Warring States (Chan-kuo 403 BC-221 BC). His work is useful and is used appropriately and applied also to this day. Outside the USA and GB it was primarily to Mao Dong (Chinese General and statesman 1893 – 1976), which proved especially in the period of the fight with the Japanese occupation and subsequently with General Čankajška Meanwhile, take full advantage of the knowledge of the classical works of Sun-Tzu and apply its principles in the way the leadership struggles, the ability to use the maneuver, site selection, mode of supply, etc. Others were the leaders of Vietnam, as It was-Or-Min and his general Giap, who in both the wars in Vietnam (against the French and the US) have managed to convert the contents of the theoretical works of master Sun-Tzu in daily practice on the battlefield. It seems that the ideas of Sun-Tzu can be much more applied in today's conditions the asymmetric method of waging war than it was in the past.
Another of the theorists is Machiavelli and his work. Machiavelli is considered one of the creators of modern strategy and study of the emperor or his work reflections on the art of war is one of the basic materials of military theory.
In the next section is broken down the contribution of the two colossus that Clausewitz and Jominiho in terms of their contribution to the theory of warfare, but above all in terms of the possibility to use their ideas in the current military science. Both thinkers in the field of military art created in the mid-19th century. century theoretical foundations of modern warfare. Both theories are acceptable for certain groups of activities in accordance with the traditions and skills of armies (preparation, training, size, ability to ....)
The problem remains, above all, the effort to understand the principle of warfare itself.
- It is a military art, which, as such, cannot be defined precisely. Always there remains an element of randomness (frikce) as stated in Brühl, which means, ultimately, that the plan of battle (OPORD) applies only to the first shot, and then it depends on the capabilities of the Commander manages to cope and be able to respond to it.
- Or you can a war (fighting, operation) divided into sub activities and drilem is the handle and, above all, at the time of computer technology to search and find all the possible variants of the solution and the corresponding activities.
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The importance of personalities and their contribution to the development of the military art.
The lecture is divided into three parts, in which the original definition is supported by practical examples that in the end confirmed or disproved the initial hypothesis.
The lecture is part of the subject of military history. In a way, intertwined with other disciplines and doctrines. Primarily deals with the roles of prominent personalities in history, but also their ambitions at different positions in their life. We can also be considered as part of the study of management and leadership, because it deals with the properties of these celebrities and their contribution to the development of military art with an emphasis on the ability to lead their subordinates. The lecture is designed on the basis of a few clear and simple definitions referred to in the first part described the properties of significant figures examples (everyone can choose their own).
The concept of the leader and the Commander is one of the busiest in history. The question is why one or the other was right, which was allowed to score in a given historical period in the region or on a global scale? Similarly, there also-why is this Executive so productive and results of the work of his team so outstanding? Or why is the leading he and not someone from the team? What properties he has and I don't? At the conclusion of the first part of the lecture is summary-encyclopedic properties of the leader. If students in the framework of separate training will search in more resources, they will find other properties.
In the next part of the lecture focuses on examples of leaders and military commanders in history. However, it contains several examples of the views of the major thinkers in the area of military art (Sun-Tzu, Machiavelli, Brühl) on the role and characteristics of the chieftain and leader (leader) in General. Their role in a given historical period, in their acts, but also their personal development (in a few cases from the soldier after the policy), and to make sense of, and the results and the benefits for the country and the future.
In the third part, which is a summary of the previous two, is presented on the characteristics of Lecturer of the opinion leader. It is a summary of the properties that identify what it does with a man a leader and how it is inherited or acquired properties can be used to fulfill the mission that I chose, or that I was given. In this section, the emphasis is mainly on the direction of the students to separate work towards your own property search leaders and their personified.
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Czech personalities and their contribution to the development of military
The aim of the lectures, which closes the lectures on the subject of military history is found in the history of the Czech State personalities, which greatly influenced the development of the military in the national, the European or world scale. Thereby contributing to education to be proud of belonging to the Army of the Czech Republic.
The breakdown of the lecture is given by the historical borders and epochami. In the first, the longest part deals with the generals, such as: Jan Žižka z Trocnova, Valdštejn, Radecky. In the second, then mainly soldiers, who have been operating in period 1. World War II and served in the Legion, where he demonstrated his leadership skills and eventually became the carriers of the new progressive ideas in building the army of Czechoslovakia and in ensuring its defense between the wars ( Krejčí, Syrový). In the third section lecture dedicated to the personalities of the resistance and of the postwar period, such as freedom, Svoboda, Klapálek, Janoušek, and Vitanovský.
For the characterization of personalities of Czech military history, the emphasis is primarily on their real contribution and on the reasons for their fame. In the case of Žižka stressed his innovation in the use of all contemporary innovations and their introduction into the practice in the form of a rally car and the introduction of a military order. In the Wallenstein dominate his vojevůdcovské properties and the effect on military and political developments in Europe at the time of the thirty years ' war. The importance of the Radetzky then lies mainly in its managerial mode of management of the Austrian General staff.
Podobný přístup byl zvolen při deskripci a analýze přínosu obou představitelů meziválečného období tedy generálů Krejčího a Syrového, který byl dán především povahovými rysy a dobou kdy stály v čele Československé branné moci.
A similar approach was chosen to describe and analyze the contribution of both representatives of the interwar period, therefore, the generals Krejčí and Syrový, which was given particular characteristics and the time when the led of the Czechoslovak military power.
The representatives of the resistance in the third part of the lectures is accentuated by a varied approach to fulfilling the words of the oath, a soldier in the Allied armies of the antifascist coalition and the same or a similar fate after the war.
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The final seminar.
At this seminar, you will have another opportunity to meet the conditions required for the granting of credit.
The seminar has two parts.
1. a Test of knowledge, which is based on the issues that were presented in the individual lectures and seeking answers to them were a separate part of your training. The test has 15 questions and its evaluation will be performed as a percentage. This test will consist of 50% of the necessary condition for credit.
2. presentations on the following topics:
-In his studio, I came across this theoretician of military art-see his contributions in-
- A significant personality that influenced the development of the military in the next period
-In what I see the importance of the study of military history
This presentation of its defence and answers to any questions you can get an additional 50% (both are counted from the first presentation seminars)
If you will not be able to prepare and present your work in ppt. it is necessary to elaborate on some of these topics essay in the range of 1200 words +-10%, with an indication of the sources (citations) and electronically or in writing to the teacher.
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